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CIPS Commercial Negotiation Sample Questions (Q191-Q196):
NEW QUESTION # 191
Which of the following are sources of personal power?
* Legitimate power
* Strategic power
* Expert power
* Leverage power
- A. 2 and 3 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 1 and 3 only
- D. 2 and 4 only
Answer: C
Explanation:
Personal poweris derived from an individual's unique qualities or expertise. It differs from positional power, which is based on job title or authority.Legitimate powerstems from an official position of authority, whileexpert poweris based on skills, knowledge, and credibility. These are both commonly used by procurement professionals to influence outcomes in negotiations.
"Expert power arises from experience, qualifications, or specialist knowledge that is recognised and respected by others. Legitimate power stems from a formal position or role within an organisation." (L4M5 Commercial Negotiation, 2nd edition, Section 3.1 - Sources of Power in Negotiation) Note: Strategic and leverage power are more aligned with organisational positioning and external factors, not personal influence.
NEW QUESTION # 192
In a negotiation for a new contract, the supplier suggests the buyer to shorten payment period from 45 days to
15 days because they are investing in new facilities to expand the supply capacity. The buyer replies that she can only sign off the deal if the payment period is 30 days or more since it often takes at least 30 days for her company to collect the payment from customers. A permission from senior management is required for this suggestion. In order to ensure that supplier understands the matter, she reiterates it throughout the meeting.
Which tactics is she using?
1. Outrageous initial demand
2. Salami slicing
3. Lack of authority
4. Broken record
- A. 1 and 3 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 2 and 4 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
Answer: D
Explanation:
:
In the scenario, the buyer states that permission from senior management is required to shorten payment period and she only has authority to sign off a deal in which the payment period lasts at least 30 days. The buyer is using lack of authority. The buyer also repeats the matter again throughout the negotiation. This is a common tactic known as broken record.
NEW QUESTION # 193
Commercial negotiation ends at the award of a contract. Is this statement true?
- A. No, because improvements can be achieved through post-award negotiation
- B. Yes, because there are no rooms for negotiation after the contract is awarded
- C. No, because real commercial negotiation begins after the contract is awarded
- D. Yes, because the supplier will comply with legally binding obligations
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Negotiation doesn't end after the contract is awarded. The needs for negotiation can arise in anypost-award stages. For example, at supplier development and relationship management stage, improvement in supplier capability, capacity, and product/service range can be negotiated. Negotiations with long-term strategic critical suppliers should be carriedout in a partnering style, with a win-win starting point assumed.
In some sectors such as transport, utilities and infrastructure, tenderers may 'bid low' or even make a loss to win major contracts with a view to negotiating lucrative changes, variationsand 'add-ons' over the life of the contract when the supplier is bedded in and the buyer is in the weaker position to push back or challenge. Even in less complex contract, it is very likely that there will be a need to negotiate with that supplier again after the awarding of the contract.
LO 1, AC 1.1
NEW QUESTION # 194
When might a buyer decide to use a distributive approach to a negotiation with a supplier?
- A. When procuring an item that is not strategic to the organisation
- B. When a working relationship is important in the future
- C. When they are dependent on that supplier in the future
- D. When there are various suppliers in the market producing a similar product
Answer: D
Explanation:
A distributive approach is appropriate when multiple suppliers offer similar products, as this competitive environment allows the buyer to focus on maximizing their position rather than building long-term partnerships. CIPS suggests that a distributive or competitive approach is best used in non-critical purchases or when supplier dependency is low, as is the case here.
NEW QUESTION # 195
XYZ Ltd needs to purchase a bundle of IT products from suppliers. The procurement manager requests details of costs regarding designing and managing those products. After receiving reports from suppliers, she realises that they have charged up to a 1,095% mark-up on IT products. In order to ensure value for money, which of the following should be a priority pricing arrangement of the procurement manager in the negotiation with these IT suppliers?
- A. Market penetration pricing
- B. Market skimming
- C. Cost plus arrangement
- D. Premium pricing
Answer: C
Explanation:
:
In the scenario, the main cost driver is suppliers' mark-up. The priority should be limit the margin to be added.
XYZ Ltd can agree "cost plus" contracts with their suppliers to ensure no IT product purchased exceeds an agreed maximum margin level. Procurement teams can use their benchmarking tools to police these contracts.
Cost plus contracts are agreements where the contractor's pricing is based on itemising allowable costs and then adding an agreed margin.
Market penetration pricing - pricing low to win a large share of the market Market skimming - pricing a new product high in order to make a large profit from the purchases by initial customers. This is an effective strategy only in the absence of competition.When competition appears, market skimmers usually drop their prices Premium pricing - usually pricing high because the market is prepared to pay extra for the kudos associated with the product, thanks to, say, a reputation for quality, or a highly fashionable brand name, and so on
NEW QUESTION # 196
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